Jugaad

The practice of "Jugaad," or frugal innovation, in India provides a compelling example of commensalism and an act of Proto-Design—a creative act containing design intelligence that operates outside the formal, autopoietic network of the modern design discipline. A farmer or small entrepreneur [+] might ingeniously modify a standard motorcycle or scooter, adding a custom-built chassis to create a low-cost transport vehicle. They benefit significantly by creating a new, functional product tailored to their specific needs, using the motorcycle's engine as the power source. The original motorcycle manufacturer, the other party involved, [=] is largely unaffected by this post-purchase modification of a single unit.